In Relation to Academic Achievement
Source: U.S. Department of Education
Epstein's Six Types of Parent Involvement
Joyce Epstein of Johns Hopkins University has developed a framework for defining six different types of parent involvement. This framework assists educators in developing school and family partnership programs. “There are many reasons for developing school, family, and community partnerships,” she writes. “The main reason to create such partnerships is to help all youngsters succeed in school and in later life.”
Epstein's framework defines the six types of involvement and lists sample practices or activities to describe the involvement more fully. Her work also describes the challenges inherent in fostering each type of parent involvement as well as the expected results of implementing them for students, parent, and teachers.
Epstein's Framework of Six Types of Involvement
PARENTING: Help all families establish home environments to support children as students.
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Parent education and other courses or training for parents (e.g., GED, college credit, family literacy).
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Family support programs to assist families with health, nutrition, and other services.
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Home visits at transition points to pre-school, elementary, middle, and high school.
COMMUNICATING: Design effective forms of school-to-home and home-to-school communications about school programs and children's progress.
- Conferences with every parent at least once a year.
- Language translators to assist families as needed.
- Regular schedule of useful notices, memos, phone calls, newsletters, and other communications.
VOLUNTEERING: Recruit and organize parent help and support.
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School and classroom volunteer program to help teachers, administrators, students, and other parents.
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Parent room or family center for volunteer work, meetings, and resources for families.
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Annual postcard survey to identify all available talents, times, and locations of volunteers.
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